![]() The present essay aims to extend that feminist insight by illuminating the inherent variety in collective actions that grassroots mobilize. Rejecting the binary constructs of formal/informal, feminists have demonstrated the significance of community-based activism as an informal arena of politics and citizenship construction ae one in which women and disadvantaged groups are most active and effective. This short conceptual piece calls for a careful rethinking of what feminist scholars have articulated as an expanded notion of politics. The article concludes by recognising that South Africa's deep globalisation and globalised state affirm a form of state practice beyond utilising market mechanisms that includes perpetrating violence to secure its existence. Such economic practices are historicised to show the convergence between the post-Apartheid state and the ideal type neoliberal state coming to the fore in the context of global neoliberal restructuring and crisis management. Third, it examines the actual economic practices of the state that constitute it as an Afro-neoliberal state. Second, it argues for an approach to understanding the post-Apartheid state by locating it within the context of the rise of transnational neoliberalism and the process of indigenising neoliberalism on the African continent. This contribution first highlights what is at stake when the post-Apartheid state is portrayed as a "developmental state" and how this misrecognition of the state is ideologically constituted. This article situates the Marikana massacre, in which 34 mine workers were gunned down by police in South Africa, in the context of what the South African state has become, and questions the characterisation of the post-Apartheid state as a "developmental state". Se argumenta que éstas apuntan hacia un camino alternativo, uno que crea condiciones favorables para los pequeños productores excedentarios del México rural, además de cumplir con las demandas del movimiento indígena encabezado por los Zapatistas. Para dicha crítica se toman en cuenta las siguientes preguntas: ¿Ha habido una reducción en la incidencia de pobreza de ingresos en el México rural durante el período neoliberal? ❾s la migración laboral (nacional e internacional) la mejor salida de la pobreza rural, tomando en cuenta las condiciones laborales enfrentadas por los migrantes tanto en el ámbito nacional como en el internacional? ❾n qué medida el comercio justo y la producción orgánica representan un camino de salida de la pobreza? ❾l gobierno de México debe impulsar políticas para que la agricultura sea un camino más viable para los pobres del campo? Si es así, ¿cuáles son las políticas adecuadas? Con respecto a estas últimas dos preguntas, al final de este trabajo se retoman las demandas y propuestas de las organizaciones campesinas independientes, particularmente las asociadas con el movimiento “sin maíz no hay país”. ![]() The author asks whether a reconstituted South African left, with the anti-apartheid coalition’s Freedom Charter as a memorandum for current struggles, will be able to advance a renaissance of «people power» at a junction where migration, xenophobia and winning the loyalty of an unruly precariat have become increasingly crucial stratagems?Įn este texto se analizan, de forma crítica, los tres caminos alternativos para salir de la pobreza propuestos recientemente por el Banco Mundial, a saber: agricultura, labor y migración. A contentious enigma of «xenophobia» is related to nation and citizenship in the remaking of hegemony in an exceedingly unequal society where poor people’s movements carve out spaces of an «insurgent citizenship» beyond the reach of neoliberal governance. It charts the development of migrancy system from apartheid’s centrally managed labour regime to a post-apartheid neoliberal regime driven by policies of «flexploitation». Of political hegemony under variable historical-structural conditions. It relates a reproduction of poverty and unfree labour in postapartheid South Africa to shifting race-class alliances and the constitution The article discusses migration, precarity and poor people’s mov ements.
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